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Scoliosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

What is Scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a spinal deformity characterized by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. The curvature often takes the shape of an “S” or “C,” leading to posture imbalances, back pain, and, in severe cases, breathing difficulties.

Scoliosis is most commonly diagnosed during childhood and adolescence, but it can also develop in adults. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent progression and determine the best treatment plan.

Symptoms of Scoliosis

The symptoms of scoliosis vary depending on the severity and location of the curvature. Common signs include:

Uneven shoulders or hips

A protruding shoulder blade

Imbalance in the waistline or torso

Head appearing off-center relative to the body

Back or lower back pain (especially in adult scoliosis cases)

Breathing difficulties (in severe cases due to reduced lung capacity)

Causes of Scoliosis

The exact cause of scoliosis is often unknown, but common types and their causes include:

1. Idiopathic Scoliosis

The most common type, with no identifiable cause.

Typically appears during childhood or adolescence.

Genetic factors may play a role.

2. Congenital Scoliosis

Present at birth due to abnormal spine development.

Occurs when the vertebrae do not form properly or fuse incorrectly.

3. Neuromuscular Scoliosis

Develops due to muscle or nerve disorders.

Common in conditions like cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spinal cord injuries.

4. Degenerative Scoliosis

Occurs in adults due to age-related spinal degeneration.

Linked to disc degeneration and spinal instability.

How is Scoliosis Diagnosed?

Scoliosis is diagnosed by orthopedic specialists through physical examinations and imaging techniques, including:

Physical exam: The forward bending test is used to observe spinal curvature.

X-ray: Measures the degree of curvature (Cobb angle) for an accurate diagnosis.

MRI or CT scan: Used for detailed evaluation if nerve compression or other abnormalities are suspected.

Treatment Options for Scoliosis

Scoliosis treatment depends on the severity of the condition, the degree of curvature, and the patient’s age.

1. Non-Surgical (Conservative) Treatment

For mild to moderate scoliosis cases, the following treatments may be recommended:

Physical therapy and exercises: Improve spinal flexibility and muscle balance.

Bracing: Helps prevent curve progression in children and adolescents.

Lifestyle modifications: Posture correction and ergonomic adjustments can help relieve symptoms.

2. Surgical Treatment

Surgery is considered for curves exceeding 40-50 degrees or in progressive cases. Common surgical procedures include:

Spinal fusion surgery: Metal rods and screws are used to stabilize and straighten the spine.

Growing rods: Used in children to control scoliosis progression while allowing spine growth.

Minimally invasive surgery: Smaller incisions result in faster recovery.

Living with Scoliosis: Prevention and Management

Engage in regular exercise: Activities like swimming, Pilates, and yoga can help strengthen the spine.

Maintain proper posture: Ergonomic adjustments are crucial, especially for those who spend long hours at a desk.

Regular medical check-ups: Early diagnosis and monitoring prevent scoliosis from worsening.

Expert Opinions on Scoliosis

Orthopedic specialists Doç. Dr. Serhat Mutlu and Doç. Dr. Harun Mutlu emphasize that early diagnosis and appropriate treatment options play a vital role in improving patients’ quality of life. Monitoring scoliosis progression in children is particularly important for preventing severe complications.

If you experience symptoms of scoliosis, consulting an orthopedic specialist for a detailed assessment is highly recommended.